A Caatinga, único bioma 100% brasileiro, desempenha um papel fundamental na regulação climática e na manutenção da biodiversidade no país. Ocupando cerca de 10,1% do território nacional e predominante na região Nordeste, sua preservação é essencial para a segurança ambiental do Brasil. Com uma área de 862.818 km², a Caatinga é um dos biomas semiáridos mais biodiversos do planeta, abrigando um ecossistema único e adaptado às condições climáticas adversas.
A vegetação se destaca por sua capacidade de adaptação ao clima semiárido. Durante o período seco, muitas espécies perdem suas folhas para reduzir a perda de água, conferindo à região o aspecto esbranquiçado que inspirou seu nome, de origem tupi-guarani: “mata branca”. No período chuvoso, a paisagem se transforma com a rebrota das folhas e o florescimento da vegetação, evidenciando a resiliência do bioma.
A biodiversidade da Caatinga é notável e abrange uma variedade de espécies, muitas delas endêmicas. Entre os mamíferos, são registradas 133 espécies, das quais 11 são exclusivas do bioma e 10 encontram-se ameaçadas de extinção, incluindo felinos como a onça-parda, jaguatirica e o gato-maracajá. Em relação à avifauna, a Caatinga abriga 548 espécies de aves, sendo cerca de um terço endêmicas. Entre os peixes, 203 das 386 espécies conhecidas ocorrem apenas neste bioma. A fauna também inclui 79 espécies de lagartos, 114 de serpentes, 98 espécies de anfíbios e uma variedade de insetos essenciais para a manutenção do ecossistema, como as abelhas e formigas, que desempenham um papel vital na polinização e dispersão de sementes.
Além de sua biodiversidade, a Caatinga é uma aliada estratégica na luta contra as mudanças climáticas. Estudos conduzidos pelo Observatório Nacional da Caatinga indicam que sua vegetação possui alta eficiência no sequestro de carbono, sendo capaz de armazenar entre 45% e 60% do dióxido de carbono capturado sem liberá-lo de volta para a atmosfera. Esse potencial contribui significativamente para a regulação climática em níveis local, regional e global, reduzindo impactos das emissões de gases de efeito estufa e promovendo o equilíbrio ambiental.
A preservação da Caatinga também garante a continuidade de importantes serviços ecossistêmicos, essenciais para a população que depende do bioma. Aproximadamente 28 milhões de pessoas vivem nessa região e usufruem de recursos fundamentais, como provisão de água, solos férteis para cultivo, matérias-primas, regulação climática, ciclagem de nutrientes, purificação da água e do ar, além da possibilidade de atividades recreativas e econômicas sustentáveis.
“Mesmo sendo um bioma de grande relevância ambiental, a Caatinga enfrenta ameaças crescentes devido ao desmatamento, queimadas e uso inadequado dos recursos naturais. A conservação desse patrimônio único exige medidas urgentes e políticas públicas eficazes para garantir a sustentabilidade e proteção desse ecossistema. Investimentos em pesquisa, educação ambiental e práticas de manejo sustentável são fundamentais para assegurar que a Caatinga continue desempenhando seu papel vital na manutenção do clima e na biodiversidade brasileira”, destaca Samuel Portela, coordenador de conservação da biodiversidade da Associação Caatinga.
“Dessa forma, reforça-se a necessidade de conscientização e engajamento de toda a sociedade na preservação da Caatinga, um bioma exclusivamente nacional que desempenha uma função essencial para a saúde ambiental do Brasil e do planeta”, complementa o profissional.
Sobre a Associação Caatinga
A Associação Caatinga é uma organização da sociedade civil, sem fins lucrativos, cuja missão é conservar a Caatinga, difundir suas riquezas e inspirar as pessoas a cuidar da natureza. Desde 1998, atua na proteção da Caatinga e no fomento ao desenvolvimento local sustentável, incrementando a resiliência de comunidades rurais à semiaridez e aos efeitos do aquecimento global.
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